Disparity in Post-Disaster Response and Recovery: A Study on the Funding of the Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki Eruption in East Flores
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64670/jpgs.v1i2.44Keywords:
Funding gap , Disaster response, Recovery, Donor fatigue, GovernanceAbstract
Background This study examines the imbalance between emergency response funding and long-term recovery financing following the 2024 eruption of Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki in East Flores. The research aims to determine whether the global pattern, marked by rapid and substantial funding during the response phase and a sharp decline during recovery, also appears in this local context.
Methods A qualitative approach was employed by combining a systematic review of disaster-financing literature in Asia with empirical data from East Flores. Data were collected through document analysis, official reports, and in-depth interviews with humanitarian practitioners and local authorities. Thematic coding was used to analyze patterns in funding flows, institutional constraints, and community experiences.
Results Findings reveal a structural gap between response and recovery funding. Support during the emergency phase was abundant, while recovery efforts faced limited and inconsistent financial resources. This shortfall contributed to delays in permanent housing, unclear relocation processes, disrupted education services, loss of livelihoods, and heightened social and psychological stress among affected communities.
Conclusions The study highlights the need for long-term recovery funding schemes, stronger coordination mechanisms, and greater community involvement in recovery planning. These insights underscore the importance of improving disaster-recovery governance in low-fiscal island regions such as Eastern Indonesia.
References
Amatya, L. (2023). Governance challenges in disaster recovery: A systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 93, 103850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103850
Anson, S., & Watson, H. (2020). Institutional capacities and disaster recovery: Governance challenges in long-term reconstruction. Journal of Disaster Studies, 45(3), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.03.005
Athukorala, P., & Resosudarmo, B. P. (2005). The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic impact, disaster management, and lessons. Asian Economic Papers, 4(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.1.1
Asian Development Bank & World Bank. (2010). Pakistan Floods 2010: Damage and Needs Assessment. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/pakistan-floods-2010-dna
Bankoff, G., & Hilhorst, D. (2009). The politics of risk in the Philippines: Comparing state and NGO perceptions of disaster management. Disasters, 33(4), 686–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01104.x
BNPB. (2024). Laporan Situasi Erupsi Gunung Lewotobi Laki-laki November 2024. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. https://bnpb.go.id
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Comfort, L., Oh, N., Ertan, G., & Scheinert, S. (2019). Crisis capacity: Government, leadership, and institutional resilience. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108574330
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process. SAGE Publications.
Cutter, S. L. (2016). The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the United States. Natural Hazards, 80, 741–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1993-2
Edgington, D. (2015). The reconstruction of Tohoku: 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami. Journal of Disaster Research, 10(6), 889–901. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0889
Fan, C., & Mostafavi, A. (2019). A systems approach to resilience in disaster recovery. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 35, 101073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101073
Fink, G., & Redaelli, S. (2020). Humanitarian aid and donor attention cycles. World Bank Policy Research Paper. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9315
Forbes, C. (2017). Long-term disaster recovery: A scoping review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 8(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0120-8
Government of Japan, Cabinet Office. (2011). The Great East Japan Earthquake: Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Needs Assessment (PDNA). World Bank & Government of Japan. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/03/09/learning-from-megadisasters
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission. (2015). Nepal Earthquake 2015: Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). Volume A: Key Findings. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/07/02/nepal-earthquake-pdna-key-findings
Government of the Philippines. (2014). Philippines: Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). World Bank & GFDRR. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/publication/philippines-typhoon-yolanda-pdna
KC, A., & Thapa, S. (2021). Post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal: Impacts, challenges, and lessons learned. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 60, 102275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102275
Leaning, J. (2006). Ethics of disaster recovery: Vulnerability, equity, and rights. Health and Human Rights, 9(2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.2307/4065400
Lucero, J., & Felicisimo, C. (2020). Localized disaster recovery after Typhoon Haiyan: Livelihood, housing, and governance challenges. Disasters, 44(1), 56–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12348
Mahmood, S., Ahmed, Z., & Rashid, A. (2020). Disaster financing in Bangladesh: Donor behavior and long-term recovery. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(3), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00278-z
Mannakkara, S., & Wilkinson, S. (2016). Build Back Better: Implementation challenges and strategies. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(2), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-12-2014-0086
Niaz, A., & Niyaz, F. (2018). Delays in post-disaster housing reconstruction: Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.021
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic review. JAMA, 310(5), 507–518. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.107799
Patel, S., & Sarkar, R. (2017). Disaster funding flows and recovery inefficiencies in India. Journal of South Asian Development, 12(2), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174117718512
Rufat, S., Tate, E., Burton, C. G., & Maroof, A. S. (2019). Social vulnerability and recovery outcomes: A global review. Natural Hazards, 97, 823–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03612-1
Sivitas Nexus Asia/Sinexus (2025). Studi Pembiayaan Respon dan Pemulihan Bencana: Letusan Gunung Lewotobi Laki-laki Flores Timur dan Banjir Longsor Pariaman Selatan. 18-27.
Smith, G., & Wenger, D. (2020). Planning for post-disaster recovery: A review of recent developments. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429490617
Soetono, A., Wibowo, A., & Rahmadana, M. (2024). Indonesia’s evolving disaster risk landscape. Journal of Asian Disaster Studies, 12(1), 15–29.
Tierney, K. (2014). The social roots of risk: Producing disasters, promoting resilience. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804791403
Tierney, K. (2020). Disaster governance: Social, political, and institutional dimensions. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45, 11–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083333
UN OCHA. (2011). Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Situation Reports & Financial Tracking Service (FTS). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. https://fts.unocha.org
UN OCHA. (2014). Philippines Humanitarian Response Plan and Financial Tracking Service (FTS). https://fts.unocha.org
UN OCHA. (2015). Nepal Earthquake: Financial Tracking Service (FTS). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. https://fts.unocha.org
UNDRR. (2015). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org
UNDRR. (2022). Financing Disaster Recovery: Multi-year approaches for resilient development. https://www.undrr.org
World Bank. (2011). The Great East Japan Earthquake: Learning from Megadisasters. World Bank Publications.
World Bank & GFDRR. (2014). Philippines: Typhoon Haiyan Post-Disaster Needs Assessment. World Bank. https://www.gfdrr.org
